Our Lady Of Guadalupe :: Essays Papers

Our Lady Of Guadalupe The image of the Virgin Mary seen by Juan Diego has changed the world. astir(predicate) forty years after Marys appearance to Diego, it is believed to be a turning point in western civilization. At this time thither were a lot of copies of the painting of Our Lady of Guadalupe being circulated around Europe and one ended up in the hands of Admiral Giovanni Andrea Doria. The King of Spain gave this additional copy to him. There were three hundred Turkish ships blocking the Gulf of Lepanto and the admiral was given command of a squadron to sail to the blockade. The Christian fleet consisting of just about three hundred ships was to meet the Turkish navy head on. However, the Turkish outmaneuvered the Christian forces. It is said that when this crucial hour was at hand, Doria went into his cabin to kneel and supplicate before the Image of Guadalupe. By nightfall the direction of the battle started to shift. One Turkish squadron was defeated and captured cau sing the others to panic which lead to the destruction of the whole fleet. 15 thousand Christians that were enslaved in the Turkish galleys were freed. This battle marked the end of the Ottoman Empires expansion into the western Mediterranean.1 First Apparition In 1531, decennary years after the capture of Mexico City, a poor Indian named Juan Diego left his house to attend divine service in the beginning of December. On his panache he passed the hill of Tepeyacac (Hill of the Nose, in Nahuatl) and he heard beautiful music from the top of the hill. The music was heavenly he heard the close beautiful songbirds singing soft and pleasant. He wondered if he was worthy of hearing such beautiful music, and if maybe it was a dream. He thought he expertness have died and gone to heaven. Over the sounds of birds Juan heard a voice from the hilltop however, it did not frighten him. In fact he was strangely set at ease by the voice. He climbed the hill in search of the mysterious voice. When he reached the top of the hill he saw a magnificent adult female who appeared to glow like nothing he had ever seen before. She radiated like the sun, and the stones that she was standing on were like gems beneath her feet. The foliage surrounding the magnificent woman was all-inclusive of translucent colors that glimmered in the radiating light.

We Need Less Television and More Play Essay -- Media Entertainment Ess

We Need Less Television and More PlayIn todays world, societys focus is not acquire turn up in the environment and enjoying nature. The focus is television, cell phones, the internet, and any different means of engineering available. Our society needs to stop indulging in technology and start enjoying nature again because too many people are glued to the television several hours a day, planning their day around system of a computer and/ or their television shows, health concerns are on the rise for these constant viewers who dont participate in other activities, and all of this absorption of the information age is separating us from nature. We are indeed an information economy, which has many good aspects to it, but we should not be shutting out nature from our lives.The average child watches approximately 3-5 hours of television per day (Department of Education, University of Maine). Our two year olds are watching approximately 3 hours of television pre day wherefore are they w atching so much? What ever happened to going to the park, playing red rover- red rover, hopscotch, or even TV- tag? The answer lies in the parents of these children. on that point was a study done to show the reasons why parents do not limit the amount of television their children watch. The most commonly mentioned reasons for which parents are not curb television are because they need to get work done, they do not want their children to get bored, and that television never hurt their brain so why would it hurt their childs. The truth is, if television is watched enough it does hurt your childs brain, impacting neurological development. Thinking skills, imagination, attention span, reading abilities, and speaking skills in a child decrease the more they wa... ...on the brain. Going out in nature, playing games, and going places willing allow our future children to develop and will give them the opportunities that they will not have if they spend their lives in front of the telev ision. WORKS CITEDAnderson, Chris and Runciman, Lex. (1995). A forest of voices. Mountain View Mayfield Publishing Company. Willow Computing (2000). LimiTV, Inc Electronic version. Retrieved March 29, 2004, from http//www.limitv.org/Wellsource incorporate (2003). Health plus Watching too much television? Electronic version. Retrieved March 30, 2004 from http//vanderbiltowc.wellsource.com/dh/Content.asp?ID=907American Psychological Association (2004). Public Affairs Violence on television- What do children learn, what can parents do? Electronic version. Retrieved May 5, 2004 from http//www.apa.org/pubinfo/violence.html

Confucius in the Analects Essay -- essays research papers

Confuciuss counsel and guidance recorded in The analects instilled wisdom when they were first recorded and continue to provide a thought provoking analysis of life and the checkpoints that guide it. The Masters commentary on restraint, diligence, decency, and citizenship are well intended and relevant. Politics and the role of government also come under scrutiny as Confucius offers his insights in bettering the organization of power. His proverb-like admonitions use the whole way examples of everyday life allowing them to be understood and easily digested. Confuciuss own eagerness and willingness to share goodness he experienced makes it easier to apply and practice in ones own life.In the authors book dealing with virtue he makes an astute observation regarding the need for restraint in speech equally joined with a lack of restraint in action. Confucius relates his good judgment in the following statement The men of old were taciturn in speech out of shame lest they should come short in deed. (Confucius p. 20) Confuciuss declaration seems to stem from possible past experiences with too much call down and too little action. His declarations lead one to believe that the more traditional and conservative ways tend to pilot one to the ideal standard of life. He reemphasized his point when he said, The wise man desires to be slow to speak but quick to act. (Confucius, p. 20)Along with rest...

Essay --

Saving Our Democracy Campaign Finance ReformIntroductionSince the founding of the United States, money has played a intumescent role in electoral politics. Of course, there was a time when political campaigns were much smaller than they are now before television, radio, and the Internet. Modern campaigns cost millions, or even billions, of dollars, especially in presidential elections. This enormous increase in spending over the last few decades has caused many to fear for the future of American democracy. If so few can contribute so much, why would politicians even bother to listen to the average voter? Lawmakers have taken steps on numerous occasions to reign in this political spending and even the playing field for the average voter, but that would mostly be undone with the ultimate Courts decision in the 2010 case, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. This controversial decision struck down many regulations, citing that they violated the First Amendment. In t he election cycles since, we have seen an unprecedented wave of shadowy organizations contributing unimaginable sums of money, drowning out everyone else. In order to understand how the Supreme Court came to its evidence and how the average voter can ultimately overcome it, we must understand the history of campaign finance law in the United States.BackgroundConcerns nigh corporate influence in national elections found its way into the halls of Congress after President Theodore Roosevelts 1904 re-election. President Roosevelt himself suggested to Congress that they make a full stop of passing legislation that would ban corporate contributions to political campaigns. In 1907, the Tillman Act was passed, which did just that. Those that violated t... ...The financing in both states is funded by tax check-offs, as well as fines paid by past violations of their campaign finance laws. Many of these programs also contained a provision that granted matching funds to the publically financed candidate to counter what a nonparticipating candidate raised, but the Supreme Court struck this down in 2011 in the case Arizona Free attempt Clubs Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett. The majority opinion stated that this matching of funds interfered with First Amendment rights, because it could cause donors to withhold their spending or as the Supreme Court saw it, their speech.After the Bennett decision, New York City devised what has become known as flexible financing, a system in which candidates receive funds that match their own fundraising as opposed to their opponents fundraising. Shareholder AuthorizationConclusion

Niagara Falls :: essays research papers

Niagara locomote, one of the worlds greatest natural wonders, can only be described as breath taking. No effect what time of year, whether its the beautiful rainbows glistening in the mist, or the magnificent ice bridge created by the cold of winter, Niagara Falls always seems to amaze its haveers.School haves called it one of the greatest wonders of the world, bringing to mind pictures of a far away, unattainable place. It seemed like a larger-than-life miracle of nature. As a child, I believed that Niagara Falls, like Mt. Rushmore and the revered Canyon were all very real attractions of the United States. I was given the facts and numbers, but never could my young mind comprehend the actual size and magnificence of the falls.This past June, I was given the opportunity to travel to Canada and see the expansive falls with my own eyes. Perhaps the most amazing aspect of the falls is that they argon not in some far away place in the country. They are right smack in the middle of a town, the town of Niagara Falls. As a child, I envisioned the falls as a giant rushing shower of water. However, I could never have imagined the great beauty and dyspnoeic view the falls offer.The falls serve as a border between the U.S. (New York) and Canada (Ontario). The falls actually consist of the American Bridal Veil Falls and the Canadian Horseshoe Falls, collectively called Niagara. They were created 12,000 years ago when large glaciers retreated allowing the Niagara River to flow over large sections of rock. There are several ways to view the falls, but perhaps the best way to observe the splendor and majesty of Niagara Falls is by a tour. Our tour guide directed us through many of the unseen attractions including the man-made tunnels behind the falls. Here, several look-out points allowed us to observe the incredible speed at which the water rushed over the rock. The water flows at an amazing 212,000 cubic feet of water per second. We were also guided to the basin whe re the falls originated miles away. In fact, over the last 12,000 years, the falls have eroded back septet miles. The incredible history of the falls came to life when I actually viewed them with my own eyes. No schoolbook could possibly give an understanding of the vastness of the falls. Nor could a book bring to life the remarkable history behind this amazing wonder of nature.

Biblical References in Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land :: Middleton Lie of the Land Essays

Biblical References in Haydn Middletons The deception of the Land This is how the birth of saviour Christ came just about his stimulate bloody shame was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child with the Holy Spirit (Matthew 1 18). Throughout The Lie of the Land, Haydn Middleton creates Davids Story through a series of biblical references. These references allow for the speculation of David Nennius as the son of God. This speculation comes about as a result of the itch of his mother by a stranger, the figure of God. Through the use of these references, Middleton allows the reader to go out the obvious correlation between the conception and birth of David Nennius, and that of Jesus Christ. bloody shame is described as bookish and dried-up, a virgin unscathed by the spot of another male (Middleton 71). Mary returns home one day to draw an intruder. She never worked out exactly how the intruder had got in. He took her arm fr om behind, quite quietly (72). Though the presence of an intruder, would certainly be enough to strike each(prenominal) cleaning woman with certain fear, Mary is seemingly unafraid, almost as if there is something about the presence of this man which comforts her in a way in which words could not express. Throughout his presence, Mary remains unafraid, it was as if the hideous situation of his presence was shedding its own graphic light (72). The use of brilliant light suggests the presence of a divine being, almost as if a ring of light is surrounding him as that which surrounds God. Though the actual conception of Jesus did not occur on a physical level in the stratum set forth by the Bible, Middleton insists on displaying the creation of Jesus through the actual sexual acts of two people. This is interesting from the standpoint that the intruder, though depicted as a powerful and gentle being, is never seen through the eyes of Mary as particularly strong. She speaks of t he weakness behind his smile a weakness which overcomes any male when faced with the prospect of sexually satisfying a woman (74). God is, in a sense depicted as having the weaknesses of a normal, graven image male. Like any man, he too has yearned for what only a woman could give him. This becomes the weakness which is so apparent to Mary at the time of conception.Biblical References in Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land Middleton Lie of the Land EssaysBiblical References in Haydn Middletons The Lie of the Land This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about his mother Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be with child through the Holy Spirit (Matthew 1 18). Throughout The Lie of the Land, Haydn Middleton creates Davids Story through a series of biblical references. These references allow for the speculation of David Nennius as the son of God. This speculation comes about as a result of the rape of his mother by a strange r, the figure of God. Through the use of these references, Middleton allows the reader to see the obvious correlation between the conception and birth of David Nennius, and that of Jesus Christ. Mary is described as bookish and dried-up, a virgin unscathed by the touch of another male (Middleton 71). Mary returns home one day to find an intruder. She never worked out exactly how the intruder had got in. He took her arm from behind, quite gently (72). Though the presence of an intruder, would certainly be enough to strike any woman with certain fear, Mary is seemingly unafraid, almost as if there is something about the presence of this man which comforts her in a way in which words could not express. Throughout his presence, Mary remains unafraid, it was as if the hideous fact of his presence was shedding its own brilliant light (72). The use of brilliant light suggests the presence of a divine being, almost as if a halo of light is surrounding him as that which surrounds God. Though the actual conception of Jesus did not occur on a physical level in the story set forth by the Bible, Middleton insists on displaying the creation of Jesus through the actual sexual acts of two people. This is interesting from the standpoint that the intruder, though depicted as a powerful and gentle being, is never seen through the eyes of Mary as particularly strong. She speaks of the weakness behind his smile a weakness which overcomes any male when faced with the prospect of sexually satisfying a woman (74). God is, in a sense depicted as having the weaknesses of a normal, immortal male. Like any man, he too has yearned for what only a woman could give him. This becomes the weakness which is so apparent to Mary at the time of conception.

It strategy vs business strategy Essay

In most organizations IT expenditure is considered as one of the larger if not the largest contributor to capital investment and expenditure. applied science has a signifi dopet effect on the telephone line landscape of most organizations and the market place they operate in. The goal of IT as such should be direct toward the alignment of IT schema with an organizations overall vexation dodging (Mulcay, 2001). It is argued though that the inability to successfully derive value from IT investment is, for the most contribution due to a lack of alignment between IT and moving in strategies.Johnson and Scholes cited by Riley (2012) define strategy as follows Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long-term which achieves advantage for the organization through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the get hold ofs of markets and to fulfill stakeholder expectations. In unpacking the definition, simply the business strateg y that the business has decided to follow needs accurate configuration of resource human resource, technology resource, financial resource etc., so as to gain competitive advantage, meet objectives and stakeholder expectation.Henderson & Venkatraman (1999) argue that there is no IT application or system, regardless of how cutting edge or sophisticated it maybe, that de dispel build and sustain a competitive advantage for an organization for a sustained period of time. Organizations, in order to sustain competitive advantage should continuously endeavor to exploit its IT functionality and resource to maintain an advantage. In my opinion this is achieved by out of the box, evolutionary thinking by both business and IT leadership. Furthermore, both business and IT leaders need to understand fully the role that IT can support and re-shape business strategy decisions and improve IT effectiveness and ultimately improve business performance.SHOULD A COMPANYS IT STRATEGY FOLLOW ITS BUSI NESS STRATEGY OR SHOULD IT LEAD ITS BUSINESS STRATEGY? WHYIn my opinion IT is vary r bely the core business unless of course we mention Microsoft or Google and the like where technology is the primary focus areabut it must noted that the actual business butt on for for each one is different and intellectual property is what is regarded most valuable. Hence, I agree with (Abate 2009, Henderson & Venkatraman 1999, Skriletz 2013) and many other researchers and commentators, that ITs role should be regarded as the enabler or driver of the business strategy. ITs strategy, investment architecture even projects all need be dictated by overall business strategy, but should be part of process that helps the formation of the overall strategy.IT leaders need to possess the knowledge of new enabling technologies and how these technologies can be integrated into the business. Very often the business strategy is formed and developed in isolation and IT is seen as a support function only, rather than as function that can contribute to forming the strategy itself. IT leaders need to be part of the process that delivers the direction the business chooses to follow. Luftman & Brier (1999) echo this sentiment in that just as HR and marketing are important parts of strategy so to should IT. Venkatraman and Henderson (2000) assert that business strategists cannot be seen to take the leading role whilst the IT strategist is seen as a support role. It is unconditional both take the lead in designing the business platform. Business and IT strategists working together to shape new business IT is not subordinate to business strategy but an extricate part of it.FACTORS TO CONSIDERTechnology is seen as one of key elements that drive change and transformation. Intelligent use of technology can deliver a competitive advantage, streamline processes create cost efficiencies and optimization for most organizations and as organizations strive for these competitive advantages and efficiencie s it would really not be judicious to exclude the technology people from the process of strategy development as those organizations that do include them, will certainly claim the competitive edge and advantage. careless(predicate) of what industry youre in, its hard to think about a businessthat couldnt exploit IT for competitive advantage if they chose to, says Barbara Gomolski, an analyst at Gartner cited in an article by Moore (2011). The industries that have seen growth by aligning IT and business strategy and have used it as a driver and an enabler include the air lane industry that has leveraged IT and now allows customers to book directly with carriers rather than involving third party agents. The banking industry has really embraced technology with the likes of online banking and transactions, which show true alignment and involvement of IT in business strategy and goal setting. Technology drives their growth.The sentiment shared and one that I agree with is that by includ ing IT in the formulation of business strategy will certainly assist the organization in achieving its goals. The exploitation of technology as a means is key and if you dont necessarily feel that, past I guarantee IT is treated as being outside of the core business strategy and as a result the organization is not filiation value from one of its most if not the most valuable resources.ReferencesVenkatraman N & Henderson JC. 2000 Business platforms for the 21st Century, in Mastering Information Management, edited by DA Marchand, TH Davenport & T Dickson. Great Britain Prentice Hall 283-289Mulcay K. 2001 The IT Dilemma. World Trade, 14(4) 48-48.Henderson JC & Venkatraman N. 1999 Strategic Alignment Leveraging information technology for transforming organisations. IBM Systems Journal, 38(2&3) 472-484.Luftman J & Brier T. 1999 Achieving and Sustaining Business-IT alignment. atomic number 20 Management Review, 42(1) 109-122.Abate R, (2008) IT should be an enabler to business Available online at http//www.information-managem e nt.com/blogs/IT_business-10015571-1.html (Accessed 18 June 2014)Skriletz R (2013) How to make IT a business enabler Available online at http//www.b-eye-network.com/view/16788 (Accessed 18 June 2014)Moore J (2011) Make It part of your Business Strategy Available online at http//www.cnbc.com/id/44818677 (Accessed 18 June 2014)Riley J, (2012) What is strategy Available online at http//tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htm (Accessed 18 June 2014)

Summer of Love

The summertime of Love The 1960s was a decade of governmental and social upheaval. The counterculture, which was what the decade was called, became disappointed with all the restrictions and conventions of the straight society. The Summer of Love did not occur until 1967, and the decade was inspired by the Bohemian olfaction which was already present in the 1950s cognise as the Beat generation. The counterculture gained significant influence in liberal cities such as Berkley and San Francisco. In 1967, Scott McKenzie released his air San Francisco and with this song came rumors of a huge love-in in the summer.This is what fueled the Summer of Love. Leaders of the counterculture in the Haight-Ashbury district were anxious to leadt planning an event that would fit in with the Summer of Love hype. Their hope was that melodyians and other artists would just naturally travel over to the Haight-Ashbury. The Summer of Love would not have been the same without the usage of lysergic a cidulous diethylamide and marijuana, free love, and the all famous wave and roll music. Drugs seemed to be the way of life for the hippys they were using all kinds of drugs without the decade simply the twain drugs that were most associated with the Summer of Love were lysergic acid diethylamide and marijuana.To the hipsters they used the term dope instead of drugs because dope was earnest provided drugs included both good and bad substances. miller stated, Substances that were perceived as expanding consciousness were good things which made the user dumb were bad (Miller 2). Another drug that was used in the Summer of Love was marijuana. It was not as huge as LSD, but it was still used throughout the decade. Marijuana was commencement exercise introduced in America during the Jazz fester and became one of the central fixtures of the 1960s counterculture.Baugess wrote, It was intrinsic to the jazz music scene many musicians used marijuana for its perceived ability to boos t creativity and as a way to find relief from racial oppression (Baugess 400). It grew universal among the drears and was used to basically boost your creativity. It posterior became very frequent to the beatniks, in which they would later change the meaning of the drug, a way to deepen intellectual understanding and used to rebel against the society. The hippies would use it for the pleasurable side effects, but as well to heal the body and soul. Smoking marijuana was an act of rebellion against puritanical Americans.It was known to expand the mind, just like LSD did. Not only did hippies use the drug, but it was withal consumed by the political radicals and Vietnam soldiers. Marijuana was grown in plenty in Vietnam and supplied soldiers with a mass of relief from the experience of war. Marijuana left a huge impact on the counterculture it had a connection to music, musicians like Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, and others would write songs that reflected the centrality of it. The mai n drug that would be known throughout the Summer of Love and most recognizable to the decade would be LSD.This would later be known on the street as acid which was a hallucinogenic drug able to induce altered mental states in its users. LSD was created in a Swiss pharmaceutical laboratory in the thirties and discovered in 1938 by Swiss chemist, Albert Hoffman. In the decades before, it was used as a treatment drug and alcohol addiction. Miller wrote, Also in the low temperature War struggles with the Soviet Union (the Central Intelligence Agency monitored early LSD research closely, seeing the chemical as a potential tool for espionage or perhaps for disabling a large enemy population) (Miller 4).On April 19, 1943, Albert Hoffman synthesized another batch of LSD-25 and created a version that would be able to dissolve in wet and had pleasant hallucinations. Later, he had perfect recall of the hallucinations verbalize that his mind was conscious throughout the experiment. It was c reated for trio main purposes it was fun, revolutionary, and good for the body and soul. Miller stated, The belief of the hippie was If it feels good, then do it so long as it doesnt hurt anyone else (Miller 5).Not only was it fun but it excessively led to the hippies arguing, that it was time for a social revolution, which made it revolutionary because not only did they argue but it would also affect the larger society. The hippies had to learn to tolerate their deviant behaviors. As a West Coast hip author concluded in 1969, The government is right in its stand on drugs. They are a explicit threat to societyDrugsmust be ruthlessly suppressed lest the mountain feel too good (Miller 5). With all this being said LSD was also a tool that was good for the body and soul which would provide healing and insight.In 1960, herds grass Leary, a Harvard psychology professor, tried LSD and soon would become so enthused by its potential that he lost his job. Timothy Leary described his firs t trip as the most shattering experience of my life, for it flipped my consciousness into a trip the light fantastic toe of energy, where nothing existed except the whirring vibrations and each illusory form was simply a different frequency (Anderson 259). By 1966, he became a huge star who would advise young adults to take LSD to expand their minds.They accepted his advice and the hippies clung into Learys phrase, turn on, tune in, and drop out. The phrase is broken down into three simple segments Turn on meant to go within yourself. Tune in meant to interact accordingly with the adult male around you. Drop out meant self-determination and a discovery of ones abnormality. Ken Kesey studied at the University of Oregon and then would enroll into a graduate creative writing program at Stanford University in 1959, which would liberation his interest in the San Francisco counterculture.As Ken Kesey would make up night shifts at the hospital he had access to the drugs and would perf orm controlled experiments on himself. LSD was only available through pharmaceutical company, Sandoz in New York. Sinclair wrote, Using his homemade laboratory in Berkley a student named Augustus Owsley Stanley III manufactured what he claimed to be enough LSD for a million and half doses (Sinclair 200). They became widely known and soon fell to Leary. Owsley would soon become the Pranksters chemist, supplying the active ingredient fro Keseys organized events called acid tests.These acid tests soon became advertised events in public halls. In January 1966, two thousand people attended one at San Franciscos Fillmore Auditorium and the Warlocks (now the Grateful Dead), provided the music and Kesey wired the turn up with speakers, cameras, and TV screens for them to replay. Leary would become one of the most famous countercultural figures in this era along with Ken Kesey. LSD was a huge give of the spireligious rite and music scene of the Summer of Love.There was one church which was Tim Learys League for Spiritual Discovery he wanted to keep his religion unclouded and aloof from social structures. He described it as evading the law, Were not a religion in the sense of the Methodist Church seeking adherents. Were a religion in the basic primeval sense of a tribe living together and centered around shared spiritual goals (Miller 8). numerous believed that it spoke of as a sacrament, as Miller stated, A sacrament is a covenant between man and God and also any ritual that corporately grows out of that covenant to express it more fully.It can be bread and wine, peyote or mushrooms, cup of tea, LSD, the tobacco used in the sacred pipework whatever is put into the body to connect the world outside with the world within (Miller 11). This was common a sentiment. Not only was LSD for individual experiences but it was also for religious communities. For example, William C. Shepherd observed LSD as being a sense of social belongingness (Miller 13). Which it provided a new basis for assemblage intimacy, and helped nurture and further the intimacy.Some believed there were bad effects of LSD on the people. The bad effects that LSD had on Summer of Love is that people would drink without penetrating knowledge of the chemical, but Kesey said he never dosed anyone without their notice. Another was it was used as a means of social control. The ones that love dope loved its psychic staff of life and the few that did not were not influential at all. Sex was used for the physical pleasure saying free people should be able to express their sexuality as they please. As stated by Miller, Sex was fun. Sex was healthy.And this hip approach to sex helped revolutionize attitudes and practices in the nation as a whole (Miller 25). There were about who saw liberated sexuality as having a larger significance meaning as sacramental sex. Some felt that sex was best within a context of love and concern for the partner. So for a new sexual ethic, some poised absolut e freedom meaning that sex out of love could be better then casual sex. Dope and sex went hand in hand because as stated before dope was good because it enhanced your sexual experience. Dope would help people expand their sexual horizons.As Miller stated, Timothy Leary summed up the dope/sex connection the key energy in our revolution is eroticThe sexual revolution is not just part of the standard atmosphere of freedom that is generating with the kidsand central issue of the psychedelic experienced is erotic exhilaration (Miller 37). Throughout the 1960s, music served as an integral part of the counterculture movement. It was seen to embrace an alternative modus vivendi from previous generations and also to protest against war and oppression. Hippies would organize outdoor music festivals crosswise America.The music was based around the reminders of the 60s and the outrage toward the Vietnam War. Some of this popular music represented a direct protest of the war and also reflect th e desire for peace and love. Rock and roll was just as of the essence(p) as dope and sex were. Rock music was what the hippies lived and breathed and was the most important musical form. Even though it was based around rock, Miller stated, Folk music was the music of the cultural rebellion until around 1966, when the Beatles began to take on mythic significance as interpreters of the culture, new specifically hip rock messs (Miller 42).Some of the earliest acid rock bands are the Grateful Dead, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, nation Joe and the tip, Big Brother, and Janis Joplin. There were many festivals that took place in the 1960s like Woodstock which was in 1969, but it was not as organized and peaceful as the Monterey Pop Festival. The Monterey Pop Festival was one of the biggest events of its time and it helped launch the careers of several major rock artists, including Janis Joplin, Country Joe and the Fish, Otis Redding, and others.Sinclair said, Monterey has come to be vie wed by many as the seminal rock festival of the early hippie era (Sinclair 210). It was a festival that took place over a three-day period that started on June 16 through June 18, 1967, in Monterey, California, at the Monterey Fairgrounds. There were more than 30 acts lined up, 90,000 attendees, and perfect weather. They had a forcing out room, shops and booths, and Owsley supplied a new batch of LSD which was called Monterey Purple. The organizers wanted to create an atmosphere that produced the peace and love ideas that was popular in the music and to be taken seriously.This was the first major festival of the rock era, and it went down in history as the most peaceful and well-organized event of its time. It was also significant in that it offered a arrive of acts that would soon become famous in America. For three days they all lived together and out of all this they did not have any major problems that came up the Monterey Pop Festival was the high point of the 1967 Summer of Love. Baugess stated, Filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker recorded the event and produced a very popular documentary that brought the music and personalities of the festival into theaters across America (Bauges 439).There were a lot of the acts who refused to get filmed but Janis Joplins manager talked her and her group into being filmed and soon a star would be born. One in particular was Janis Joplin. Janis Joplin was the most important female singer of the counterculture. Whether she meant to or not her rebellious example expanded artistic and professional possibilities for women. Baugess wrote, The hippie scene of 1967 provided the perfect context for Joplins rebelliousness, talent, and unique charisma to flourish, and Big Brother became one of the favorite Haight-Ashbury bands (Baugess 328).Their appearance at the Monterey Pop Festival subject doors for them, but especially for Joplin, she became the star, to where she was signed by Columbia Records as a result of her appearance at the festival making it her first major performance. Her outlet as a famous symbol of the youth culture put pressure on her band so she left Big Brother and went on to pursue her own music. She goes down in history as a huge iconic figure of rock-and-roll music, along with Jim Morrison of The Doors and others.Another huge singer of the counterculture and a big part of the Monterey Pop Festival was Joseph McDonald soon to be known as Country Joe and the Fish. He was born on New Years Day in 1942 and was named after the Soviet dictator, Joseph Stalin. He would spend most of his time playing music in different bands. Baugess wrote, His songwriting became the center of a group that manifested, variously, as a songwriters workshop, a magazine, a protest group, a jug band, and finally a rock band called Country Joe and the Fish (Baugess 411).At first the band only consisted of McDonald and the guitarist, Barry Melton, which was the Fish, and then they would add other musicians if needed. Th e formation of the band was because of Joes enterprising spirit and his spirit of protest. Their first record, I opinion Like Im Fixin to Die Rag, was a satirical song about the Vietnam War which Joe self-produced and would go down in history as one of the most recognizable songs of the antiwar movement. His music was captured by the college campuses and 1965 they performed at the Berkley campus.Later in 1966, they acquired a manager, Ed Denson, and from that point they focused on becoming a folk-rock band. Their manager, Denson, created the bands name which was referred to communist politics. For example, Country Joe was the popular word at the time of World War II for Joseph Stalin and the Fish refers to Mao Zedongs saying that likens communist revolutionaries to fish who swim in a sea of peasants (Baugess 411). The band changed over the years but McDonald stayed lead vocals and Melton stayed as lead guitar.They grew popular among Berkley and San Francisco and also still remained regulars on college campuses. In December 1966, they signed a recording contract with Vanguard Records and their first two records were on Billboards album charts for two years. When they performed on stage, their performance included a light show that was on a screen so they could create a psychedelic experience. In the summer of 1967, they toured the East Coast and in 1968, toured Europe and also released a third album. Their fourth album was released a year later, 1969.The song Fixin-to-Die-Rag really became popular after they starred in two musical events, Monterey Pop Festival in 1967 and Woodstock in 1969. Soon after the song became the anthem of the anti-Vietnam War movement. Fixin-to-Die-Rag had black humor and sarcasm and the chorus mocked the wars justification and voiced coldness about it. So, before they played their trademark song, they would spell out an F-I-S-H cheer, but instead in summer of 1968, their cheer had U-C-K because they were provoking the antiwar movemen ts rebelliousness of convention.Their edgy style disaffected the mainstream. By 1970, Joe and Barry took on solo careers. Joe unplowed on playing at large antiwar presentations. Country Joe mixed together satire, irreverence, and political commitment. Another popular musician of the counterculture was the Jimi Hendrix Experience. He joined the Army at 17 and after being discharged in the early 1960s he joined the Isly Brothers and Little Richard and performed on chitin circuit. He left them in 1966 for the rising countercultural rock and roll of the East Village.Here he performed as Jimmy James and the Blue Flames he then agreed to go to England where the Jimi Hendrix Experience was formed. On low-pitched was Noel Redding, drums was played by Mitch Mitchell and Hendrix mashed together some influences from the blues like B. B. King and others. Curtis Mayfield was the guitarist and Hendrix incorporated the style of English guitar emanating from the likes of Cream, the Who, and Jeff Beck (Baugess 292). His group became hugely popular and was recommended by Paul McCartney of the Beatles, helped the Jimi Hendrix Experience a spot in the Monterey Pop Festival in June 1967.From the exposure of the festival it gave the band four years of stardom and they released three records be You experienced? (1967), Axis Bold as Love (1967), and the double LP Electric Ladyland (1968) ( Baugess 292). Hendrix was set aside from the other rock groups because of the use of transcended race the white world of rock and black world of blues and rhythm. Baugess stated, While Hendrixs management coded the combination of African American musical traditions and psychedelia as white in the press, his work entered the R Billboard charts (Baugess 292). He died on September 18, 1970 of drug complications.

International Marketing Essay

1. Introduction1. HistoryLever Br another(prenominal)s was founded in 1885 by William Hesketh Lever. The confederation initially started its operations by manuf puzzle outuring soap. In 1917, the follow began to diversify into foods, acquiring fish, scratch slash and canned foods tradees in instal to apply synergies ca characterd by commonalities in the raw materials required to produce and distribute these products. In 1930, the Dutch corporation margarin Unie merged with a British company, Lever Brothers, to form the multi depicted object Unilever. Unilever has two pargonnt companies Both companies have the resembling directors and effectively operate as a single transaction.2. Marketing Management PhilosophyMarketing cautiousness touch undertakes the stages of strategy formulation, implementation and control. Therefore, it is imperative to first identify the adopted selling management philosophy by the arrangement. Organisational purpose of Unilever clear states t hat organisations focal attention is centered towards anticipation and satisfaction of customer needs and wants. Kotler (2000) mentions that merchandising impression holds that the key to achieving its organizational goals consists of the company being more effective than competitors in creating, delivering and communicating customer value to its chosen steer markets.Deep insight into organizational purpose reveals that goals and objectives of Unilever depend on determining the needs and wants of target markets and to satisfy the customers efficiently than competitors. The company excessively considers its role as kindly responsible entity by ethical business practices and ongoing welf be projects in many of the sec Asian markets. Such adopted marketing management philosophy as a central element of corporate purpose get out definitely influence the international/Global strategy of Unilever. Hence, it can be think that whole of the business philosophy of Unilever is embedded into marketing oriented organization with the purpose to keep in consideration the expectations of all stake holder groups.2. Organisational structure of UnileverOrganisational structure of Unilever follows a de-centralized setup, where corporate level strategies ar formed by board members and executivecommittee. Unilever operates in two go global divisions for food and home & personal care business. Table 1 Regional groupsSource http//www.uniliver.comThe directors of these global divisions are companys executive committee. Business level strategies and formulated by Presidents of each(prenominal) of the separate regional groups make for food and health & personal care business. These business presidents are responsible for delivering business offsprings in their respective regions and reports to Directors of Food and Home & individual(prenominal) care division. At functional level, host res publica managers are responsible to implement strategies and to make functional level strategies in accordance with the changes in sub- topical anestheticities. The sum building block in Unilever is the local anesthetic anesthetic operate company. These companies are organized into eleven regional groups. At regional levels, Unilever has deployed host country managers.3. Global or international strategy of UnileverAt present, it is difficult to suggest any of the orientation stage for Unilever. When it comes to global marketing, market segmentation decisions are no longer focus on national borders. Cateora and Graham (2000) explain that at global marketing stage, companies treat the world including their home market, as one market. Market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders. However, critical review of Unilevers operations state that the marketing strategies of the company are both internationally and globally oriented. While, developing market segments, Unilever takes into accounts the incomes levels, usage patterns and other factors that span countries and regions.The global stags of Unilever in Food and Personal care business are examples of it. However, the company also laid a minute focus on various regional markets by developing distinct regional market segments in light of the tastes, preferences, income and other factors of these markets. The broad syndicate of local contraryiates is an example of it. Therefore, in order to repair elements of Global/International marketing strategy of Unilever, it is imperative to analyze the stages of international marketing participation and strategic orientation of the company. The deep insight into these dimensions reveals the stature of organization as international or global company.1. Stages of marketing involvementInitially, the focus of the company was limited to few product categories, targeted segments and market. However, with the passage of time, the company was gone through the transition process from one stage to another. The learning curve and experi ence of Unilever along with analysis of market potential and company capabilities alter the organization to extend its product portfolio and to step into unlike markets. By keeping in view the involvement factors of company towards strategic marketing orientation, it is difficult to suggest any one stage of orientation. Unilever is truly international in a sense that it sells diversified turn over of products close to world which comes up from planned production. However, the concept of global marketing states that market segmentation decisions are no longer focused on national borders.In practice, critical review of Unilevers operations reveal that the marketing strategies of company are both internationally and globally oriented. Development of market segments at Unilever takes into account the taste and expending preferences and other segment variables that span countries and regions. The global stigmatizes of Unilever in food and personal care business highlight this approa ch. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, Unilever focuses on regional and country markets by developing distinct regional market segments by considering tastes, preferences, income and other natures of these regional markets. The broad category of local shops made to tailor the regional market needs exhibit this approach. Hence, it can be concluded that Unilever is catering to the needs and wants of mass market segments around the world by making a blend of international and global orientation.2. Strategic orientation1. Strategic stake ManagementInternational strategy of Unilever is focused to build its business by creating, developing and delivering value stigmas. Unilever has a diversified product category and each product line has much depth and width in it. rating of Unilevers marketing strategies reveals that the organization is more centered towards buildings and geting brands, Branding is known to be the spinal cord function at Unilever which basically stay put together al l functions of marketing like marketing research, product development, pricing, advertising etc. Thus, Marketing functions and activities at Unilever are combined together to focus the process of branding.As first step, marketing research function facilitates the brand managers and business level managers with the comprehensive profiles of various regional markets around the world. Then, strong brands are demonstrable as a solution to customer needs. Unilever has core focus towards effective brand management in order to develop both global and local brands. As a part of future growth strategy of company, Unilever implied law of contraction to refine and retune its diversified brand categories by focusing only on potential brands. Consequently, organization resources volition be allocated on the brands, which have growth potential and growth levels and will be pursued to enhance profitability.Jean and Kapferer (2000) states that the brand is a focal point for all the positive and n egative impressions created by the buyer over time as they comes into contact with brands product, distribution channel, personnel and communication. Accordingly, brand managers and research intelligents at Unilever classify the customer groups in term of their demographic, geographic, sparing and personal profiles. Along with, they identify the changing consumer preferences in toll of their needs, wants, satisfaction, tastes and expectations. All these considerations are then tailored to manipulate the marketing mix elements to develop a successful and value delivering brand.One of the prominent examples of Unilever brands which shows the companys insight into consumer health requirements is Annapurna Salt. Continuous marketing research function and collaboration with health organisations let Unilever to identify that majority of good deal living in Africa and entropy Asian region inherently have deficiency of iodine component in their bodies. As a result, Unilever introduce d iodised salt for the consumer segments in this market with the brand name, Annapurna. The particular example shows that understanding of consumer needs enables Unilever to build in health benefit into their product.2. Social ResponsibilityThis dimension of international marketing strategy distinctly defines the characteristics of organizational cultural paradigm and purpose of the company to position itself in minds of customers. Kotler (2000) defines that societal marketing concept holds tha the organisations task in to determine the needs, wants and interests of target marketes and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhance the conusmers and the societys sanitary-being. In realistic and factual terms, in todays business environment, social responsibility is a good marketing strategy to effectively position the corporate and brand names in targeted markets.Companies have international and global orie ntation operates in variety of international regional markets. Although, the principle of marketing unceasingly remain the same regardless of the market environments, however, at the corporate level, the strategists also take into consideration the role and overall contribution of company with in each market and region. Contemporary marketing philosophies do consider the role of an organization as socially responsible entity by ethical business practices.The degree to which an organization will be socially responsible to its macro market environments is determined at the stage of formulation of corporate level strategy. Incase, of a multinational company like Unilever, international marketing strategies take into account the role of company in various environments. Organization does incur whatsoever costs to emerge as socially responsible organization and do seek virtually benefits out of it in form of consumers affiliation and overall perception of organization in their minds.Un ilever claimsAs a multi-local multinational we aim to play our part in addressing global environmental and social concerns through local actions and in partnership with local governments and organisations.Now it is quite obvious that at broader scale the international marketing philosophy of Unilever is to stand as socially responsible organization. However, the action-oriented approach towards implication of social responsibilities entirely depends upon individual nature of market and environmental conditions. As a decentralized approach of strategy, the corporate level management at local operating companies defines the paradigm of social responsibility in regional and country markets and business level managers pursue the objectives by developing and implementing action-oriented strategies. Unilever Pakistan is the largest consumer goods company in Pakistan.In Pakistan, it is registered as a separate local operating company. In order to pursue international marketing strategy con tents in relevance to social responsibility, Unilever Pakistan, in context to the local market environment analyzed and assessed nature of market environmental. The through analyses of environmental and natural resources reveal that the country faces shortage of water resources which are crucial to be used as household, agricultural and industrial requirements. In result, Business level managers worked out to enhance the performance and efficiency of its production and manufacturing processes by cutting shirt the overall requirement of water resources to be used in processes. With in five year time, Unilever reduced its score water consumption by 40% and proved its role as a socially responsible organization in the sector.3. Identification of Major CompetitorJobber (2004) defines that the well-nigh alpha part of conducting competitors analysis is identification of competitors, following product form, product substitution, generic strategies and competition arena. In FMCG sectors, there are some names which have made significant progress in the industry. Namely, few of them are draw near, Proctor & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Kimberly-Clark and Unilever.The examination of Unilevers business segments and product categories reveal that nose and Proctor & Gamble are chief competitors of Unilever in international market. Precisely, Nestle is the chief competitor to Unilever due to parallel level of competition among these two companies in respect to homogeneity among their international marketing strategy. The emphasis of both of the companies towards building global and local brands simultaneously, shows that the adopted business slogan is Think Global-Act local. As a result Nestle and Unilever stand shoulder to shoulder in many of the regional markets with diversified line of their local product brands.Annual overturn of Unilever for the year 2003 shows that its Food division contributed 57% allot to total sales turnover and 43% share is contributed by Home & Personal Care division. The percentages clearly exhibit that Unilever has comparative metier in its food division over home & personal care division. In light of the analysis, it can be concluded that Nestle is the chief competitor of Unilever in the business segments of Food as Nestle is recognized as world largest manufacture of food related items.On the other hand, Proctor & Gamble is Unilevers leading competitors in business segments of Home & Personal care as P&G has relative strength in this sector. In food sector, Nestle is far ahead then Unilever due to width and depth of its product lines. In comparison to Unilever, The product categories of Nestle includes Baby food, dairy products, Break fast cereals, Ice cream, Chocolate & confectionary, prepared food, Beverages, Bottled water and Pet care nutrition. In Home and Personal care, P&G enjoys leadership position in Beauty and Fabric care as the company attains strong global brands in these categories like Ariel and Panten e.2. Percentage Contribution of geographic markets to total organizational Turnover Annual Sales figures of Nestle, for the year 2003 shows that European and American markets are its major business markets, as both of the markets contributes 32% and 31% respectively to total organizational turnover. Similarly, in case of P&G, North American and Western Europe are the chief markets with 50% and 24% share to turnover respectively. For Unilever, major business markets are Europe and North America which percentage share of 43% and 23% respectively to total sales turnover.The figures clearly state that all of the organizations have a cut-throat competition in North American and European markets and each of the organization has relative strengths in these markets. However, the Asian peaceable markets which have a huge business potential due to huge house hold size and populated economies, there still exists significant edge of improvement. For P&G, Northeast Asian market contributes 21% share to total turnover for year 2004. For Nestle, Asian and African markets contribute to 16% of annual turnover. And in case of Unilever, Asia and Pacific contributes 17% to total organizational turnover. 4. Nature of markets and methods of entry1. Nature of MarketsThe business operations of Unilever are expanded over close to cx countries world wide. Each of the regional and country market has different nature in terms of economies of scale, market segmentation, level of competition, governmental and social factors. In order to have a deep in-sight to explore and identify the marketing strategies of Unilever in relation to market nature, we will give you a highlight of companys operations in Asian region with particular emphasis on Pakistani and Chinese market.1. Nature of market in Pakistani1. Economic & demographic ProfilesPakistani market constitutes total population of almost 150 million people. In Pakistan, the affluent and rich class is no more than 6% of the total popul ation. Almost 32% of population is living a life under poverty line. The major segment of the society belongs to middle class consumers which are in truth target market for FMCG corporation like Unilever. The product portfolio of Unilever constitutes almost 135 brands for Pakistani market. Majority of these brands are part of consumer basket index in South Asian society. Prominent examples are the items like cooking oil, laundry detergent and tea, as these product categories are used with in every Asian household.2. train of CompetitionFMCG companies like Unilever owns a diversified range of products which are different in their nature and most of the product categories are not even be such as laundry detergent and tea. These differential products in a way are recognizable as different strategic business units. Unilever markets almost 135 brands in Pakistan and have not to confront too many players in FMCG industry. The structure of industry in Pakistani market has been shaped in form of Oligopoly, as there are only few leading players as Nestle and Proctor and Gamble. However, each product category defines different level of competition when it comes to analyze the potential of different competing brands both in global and local context. For example, while comparing to huge industry giant like Uniliver, P&G offers limited range of product categories in Pakistani market.On the other sinde, leading detergent brand, Ariel, owned by P&G gives strong-armer time to brands which are included in Unilevers product category of laundry detergents. Similarly, there are some local companies who manufacture and market a single brand. Tapal is one of the leading tea brands in Pakistani market which stand in cut throat competition against Unilevers global brands, Lipton and Supreme. The three important factor which determins level of competition for Unilever in Pakistani is the huge market of unbranded products. The unbranded products are low priced and inferior in spi rit and they are marketed in within regional boundaries. In order to combat these unbranded products, Unilever extended its distribution network to remote areas to capture market share.3. function of Local & Global BrandsUnilever clearly understand the cultural and social differences in Pakistani society which have a significant impact over peoples preferences, tastes and life style. By following the nature of market with heavy regional segregation, Unilever decided to offer both Global brands and developing local brands in the market. Lipton is the leading brand of Unilever in the product category of tea. It is marketed in over 100 countries and it shows the global presence of the brand. However, Unilever Pakistan owns several regional brands in product category of tea which are low priced. These tea brands like Tazza, A1 and Top star are distributed and circulated in regional markets. Similarly, the advertising and media focuses regional languages to promote these brands.2. Natur e of target market in ChinaChina cosmetic market has been expanding rapidly over the past 20 years. In 1982, the total sale was only more or less RMB200 million. By 2001, this figure went up to about RMB40 gazillion, a growth of 200 times from 1982. Chinas annual sale of cosmetics are forecasted to reach RMB60 billion by 2006 and RMB80 billion by 2010. Despite significant growth over the last two decades, there are still have a itemise of opportunities in Chinese cosmetic market and the country is expected to remain a dynamic market. This is based on some factors firstly, with a population of billion and 480 million urban residents, China has the largest number of potential cosmetic customers in the world. Secondly, as a result of Chinas 7-8% high rate of economic growth, living conditions will continue to improve, which enable an increasing number of people to join the cosmetic consumption force. Finally, China has opened its market according to WTO rules will further stimulate its cosmetic market with more international and domestic players.2. Method of Market Entry1. Market Entry Methods in Pakistani environsAs far as market entry mechanism is concerned, Unilever follows two approaches. First, Unilever sets up a local operating company in a country of choice by following the business regulations & company act status in host country. The second approach of market entry followed by Unilever is acquisition. In some of the market settings, Unilever prefers to acquire a prominent brand in spite of establishing totally new setup of production and distribution. Such approach of variegation and market entry strengthen its grip in local markets around the world. By having an investment to acquire a local brand will enable the company to use the pre-running production facilities and marketing networks & distribution channel. This mode of entrance into a market doesnt swallow precious time resources to build brand awareness.1. FDIFMCG sector primarily requires a blend of capital intensive and labour intensive resources. Therefore, it was a best option for Unilever to establish its manufacturing and production facilities in local area to reach economies of scale by using cheap skilled and un-skilled labour. For example, in Pakistan, Unilever is operating as locally registered company and it fulfills all the legal requirements of Company Act 1981 and regulations of security and exchange commission.Moreover, Unilever is a public listed company and follows the legal requirements of Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The Chief Executive of Unilever Pakistan Ltd. reports to Unilevers top management, based in team leader country of the regional group. Under such form of market entry, Unilever has to made foreign direct investment in selected country markets. By foreign direct investment, Unilever establishes manufacturing & production facilities along with development of integrated marketing and distribution channels. Unilever establi shed a local operating company in Pakistan with the name, Unilever Pakistan private Limited.2. AcquisitionThe strategy of Unilever in regional country markets like Pakistan is to dominate the market by acquiring the leading local brands offered by other manufacturers. Hence, the benefits result into diversification and enhanced market share. The leading example in this regard is of Polka, which was leading ice cream brand in Pakistan. Unilever frameed it global ice cream brand Walls in Pakistan in year 1998-99. Initially, Walls faced severe competition from Polka, as the national brand attained a strong image and candour in the market.As a result, Unilever Pakistan, decided to extend the brand lines by acquiring Polka. The acquisition of Polka enables Unilever to use production and distribution facilities to promote Walls. The targeted markets of Unilever are divided into Regional & sub-regional markets. In each of the country, there exists a local operating company. All these lo cal operating companies are organized into eleven regional groups.2. Methods of Market Entry in ChinaWhen the Unilever firstly entered the Chinese market, they usually chosen a Chinese company to cooperate or conduct correlative venture, because they were not familiar with Chinese market and did not has distribution and sale channel. However, when they had developed their sale force and built sale channel, Unilever has bought the share from the Chinese company and built new plants in other cities, which is direct investment.5. Extent of standardization or read thatment of marketing strategy Unilever claims to be the one of the biggest consumer goods manufacturing company in the world. It claims that everyday, almost 150 million people in over 150 countries choose our products. So for a multi national company of that stature, an emerging question for marketing directors will definitely be to examine standardization or adaptation approach in order to develop international/global mar keting strategies. An experts opinion in this regard is that, Forward looking, proactive firms have the ability and willingness to accomplish tasks, standardization and localization. Global markets continue to homogenize and diversify simultaneously.The in-depth teach of the product categories and length, depth, and width of product lines reveals that the management of Unilever has a dual focus on homogeneity of needs of consumer around world and towards global customization. In addition, some of the marketing analysts state that a successful company should focus on both of the aspects such as standardization and adaptation at the time of decision making target market segments, the measures of determining these segments and targeting strategy.Unilever statesOur deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world are our unparalleled inheritance and the foundation for our future growth. We will bring our wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers- a truly multi local multinational The argument can be warrant by Unilevers motto A Multi-local Multinational. In-light of the above created discussion, we conclude that Unilever is conscious of the features of global and international markets. For instance, the product category of Unilever constitutes the global as well as local brands, which implies that Unilever manipulates the marketing mix elements by having a favourable blend of both standardization and adaptation.1. ProductWhen the Unilever wanted to enter the Chinese market, they use product adaptation strategy, which means, adapting a product to meet local conditions or wants in foreign markets (Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders, Wong 2001, p.175). They did not just bring the products sold in UK to launch in Chinese market, but has done a number of researches about Chinese women skin and found that Chinese people skin is quite different from Europeans. Therefore, they have changed the formula of the ponds products, whi ch can be perfectly suitable for Chinese women. As can be seen, Unilever has adopted adaptation strategy, which is highly cost, but has increased the market share.2. Branding and promotionUnilever has implemented plans to make greater use of its corporate brand in support of its companies and products around the world. By 2005 subsidiary companies will adopt the name. Also, over the coming years the Unilever name will appear on all product packaging. Consumers and stakeholders will call up it easier to see who Unilever is and what it does. Its goal is to strengthen Unilevers business and reputation, so that both Unilever and its brands are better understood and trusted throughout the world. The trend shows the enhanced course credit of branding as supreme function of marketing. Al Ries and Laura Ries (1998) explain that marketing is building a brand in the mind of the prospect. If you can build a powerful brand, you will have a powerful marketing program.Although, Unilever announc ed corporate brand, they still use the adaptation strategy in some of the products. For example, the Unilever has changed their brand name from English form into Chinese manner, which is easier for Chinese young women to identify and remember.In addition, food division of Unilever claims Knorr as one of its supreme global brand with almost 2.3 billion euro annual sales in over 100 countries. The product range of knorr includes soups, sauces, noodles and complete meals. Similarly, in personal care market, Unilever owns prominent brands as Axe, Dove, Lux, Ponds, Rexona and Sunsilk. However, in frozen food category, Unilever has supreme local brands. i.e. Findus (for Italian market), Birds eye for UK and Iglo for other European countries.Moreover, in category of margarine & spreads, Becel is a prominent brand for Dutch market. Flora is the brand in UK and Take control is in American market. In olive oil category, the most important brand, Bertolli is appealing to consumer taste for Med iterranean food. Unilever clearly at the same time recognizes the homogeneity of consumers by developing global brands and also make itself adaptive to the cultural, political and social environment of different regional markets by developing local brands and keeping in view the distinct needs of the consumers. Unilever normally design different advertisement for different countries. For example, when Unilever shoot an advertising film in Asian marketing, it is keen to adopt Asian actresses.3. PricingTerpstra and Sarathy (2000) state that incomes, culture, and consumers preferences differ from country to country, thus, for the same price in different countries, the demand will be different. Therefore, Unilever has institute dissimilar prices according to the nature of markets in different countries. For example, the level of income in mainland China is relatively low. Therefore, the price of ponds products in china is lower than Europe. Another reason for low price strategy is that Unilever produce Ponds in china. The cost is low. However, if Unilever just export its products from one country to another country, the cost will be high considering the tariff, insurance and transport fees need to be added into the cost. Therefore, Unilever would adopt the standardization within the operation to balance the difference.4. DistributionIt is not easy to build distribution channels in foreign countries. When Unilever enters in a new marketplace, it is more likely to find some partners. For example, Unilever has cooperated with several big Chinese companies. Therefore, it can use the existing sales distribution network. However, Unilever not just satisfy to employ this network. It has work with big supermarket in china, which can deliver and sell mass products in china, to build their own distribution channels. However, Unilever do not use joint venture in Holland. They directly work with whole sellers, department stores, and supermarkets to distribute their products. As can be seen, Unilever use different distribution strategy in different countries. In this way, Unilever use the adaptation marketing strategy.In Pakistan, Unilever established its unique distribution system by setting up business partnership with various distributors and traders. Various geographical areas have been distributed into business regions. With in each business region, Unilever selects trading companies by assessing their financial worth and experience. These distributors act on behalf of Unilever as they are responsible to Unilever items directly to the chain of retailers.6. ConclusionReference Kotler P., Armstrong G., Saunders J., Wong V., 2001, Principles of Marketing. London Pearson Education. Terpstra V., Sarathy R., 2000, International marketing. London The Dryden Press Kotler. P (2000) Marketing Management, The millenary Edition, U.S.A. Prentice Hall Inc Jobber. D (2004) Principles & Practices of Marketing, 4th Edition, U.K.McGraw-Hill Ries. A, Ries .L (1998) Th e 22 immutable laws of branding, Great Britain, Harper Collins Business. Cateora P.R, Graham J.L (2000) International Marketing, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin Jean, Kapferer N (1992) Strategic Brand Management. Creating and sustaining Brand Equity Long Term, 2nd Edition, U.K, Kogan Page Limited. www.nestle.com Annual Report of Nestle 2003, http//www.ir.nestle.com/ www.unilever.com Annual Report of Unilever 2003, http//www.unilever.com/investorcentre/ www.pg.com Annual Report of Proctor & Gamble, http//www.pg.com/investors/sectionmain.jhtml

The Rise and Fall of Worldcom

Shaghayegh Davari * Wan-Ting Shao * Ananya Chandra * Niteesh Chinta * Shraddha Rane * Swathi Punreddy The Rise and fall of WorldCom This mooring study WorldCom is a telecommunications ac fraternity which was led by CEO, Bernard Ebbers, and CFO, Scott Sullivan. In 1999, WorldCom was not run into Wall Streets revenue and earnings expectations, and it appeared that the coming year would produce more bad news. The CFO argued for setting realistic targets. However, the CEO insisted that the company needed double digit growth, and pushed for aggressive targets.A great deal of focus was not putting on team work and being a wholesome team player, which is said to have been a strategy to reduce dissenting opinions, eventually leading the organization not to follow a separatethink attitude. there is limited evidence to suggest appropriate review financial reporting controls were being reviewed independently and there was a lack of stringent monitoring of the inbred control system and therefore the quality of the controls around the posting of journal entries to the general ledger was identified as a weak control.The Bernie Ebbers and Scott Sullivan where the leader of the company and influence of their leadinghips over their followers which were the subordinates refer to their power and is relied on three bases, coercing power, legitimate power, and entropy power. Leadership powers can be used by themselves or combined so that the leader has maximum influence. The leader will therefore need to think carefully about which power to use which in this case was not used in a way that at last resulted in decrease which was companys bankruptcy.Firstly, the main relevant theory in use by these managers for leading company was coercive power, they showed their ability to apply punishment to subordinates and it is originating from the managers position and controlling co-workers deportment by forcing them to do whatever is not coming right to their believe. However, g ood leaders use coercive power only when in the last relegate since coercive power can performance in the short term. Coercive power relies on threaten and will backfire badly if used as the only base for using influence.In this case, the employees were publicly berated and intimidated for questioning managers decisivenesss and further information. Secondly, the legitimate power by the leaders is used to some extent in this case. It was written in co-workers minds that the leaders have right to instruct them and that they have an obligations to follow whatever instructions the leader are providing them and there is no need for whatever is not being provided to them.Legitimate power comes from the authority of the companys position which can request certain behaviors of others. Ebbers indicated as face-to-face charisma power which could be named as divine power and made the board of directors think that he knows the way and the answers and could nurture or guide them therefore, by producing passive board, rubber-stamped most of his recommendations. Finally, the managers in this case also relies on the information power.Information Management is an emerging field that is concerned with information the infrastructure used to collect, instal and deliver it and the organizational and social contexts in which it exists. But these two managers did not deploy the information power as a competitive tool because there was no efficient and effective deployment of the resources of the company. However, while you cant control anyone (except perhaps yourself), you can influence nearly everyone. This is the essence of true leadership.By this definition, Ebbers and Sullivan were great leaders in. One of the tactics influenced in this case involves actively applying legitimate and coercive power by even managers or subordinates usually form a group and tried to influence others by using threats of sanctions to force compliance, threaten, and apply punishment if the subordin ates does not comply with the requests. Information control is simultaneously an influence for this case which is cerebrate intimately with influence and power.The managers in this case hold lots of information without telling any of their employees and limited subordinates to have access to valuable information and guess them stay in dark about work issue. Assertive might be called vocal authority which was another influence. Using the managers positions of power and so as to despise and control the employees will cause a lot of problem and damage of respect over the long term.However, the employees from the WorldCom quoted events that they were denounced for asking about any decisions or asking for information. In this case the managers did not use organizational politics in terms of behavior of interest groups to use power to influence decision making. They both focused on the self-serving and organizationally non sanctioned nature of individual behavior in organization. The mo st important tactic was developing strong allies and forming power coalitions, and associating with these two managers in their business.They consider threat available in organization settings, it seems quite reasonable to expect that people will bechance it advantageous to manage the impressions that others form of them, even in situation which subordinates feel that the outcome is failing. In this case almost all the executives and staff identified information as a political tool which is depending on the managers and it comes that the purpose of this tactic may be to burry or obscure an important details the political actors of the company which were these two managers believe that could harm them, when the risk of withholding information is too great.

Midterm Exam questions

1. How can agriculture be seen as a growth caused by politics or religion? What are the main ideas behind those theories?The development of agriculture as caused by religion and politics is comprehended when seeing how this economic activity affects provender its contribute and drudgery. Food, when its supply is limited and its acquisition is very difficult, tends to be equ all in ally distributed among those who engaged in its production.This was what characterized the earlier stages of our evolution. Everything, from food gathering and hunting, to cooking and eating, were social in nature because man was pitted against an environment that he still did non master. Thus, working together was the sole manner in which man was able to adapt to his environment and ultimately survive.Cooking, with mans denudation of fire, and subsequently eating food carried with it certain rituals that celebrated its availability and the charitable sustenance it will provide. As this process of mastering and changing nature as a culture continued, other ways of producing greater and more reliable amounts of food were disc everywhereed as in animal domestication and agriculture.When production activities eventually produced more food than what the social group needed, it was then that inequality in terms of the distribution of work problematic and of its products emerged (p.51). This was what characterized the earlier engagement of man with piece propagation.While the elite (the nobility or those who ruled) do not work because they owned the place down, they had an abundance of food. They are categorized as the non-food producers of society. Below them in the split structure, farmers toiled in the fields and ate less, giving land tribute to those who owned it. This kind of politics or the power over access to food without in truth engaging in its labor enabled the elites to engage and further develop knowledge, not only in production but in warfare, philosophy, religi on and the sciences.The social rituals involved in the pre-agriculture way of life of man, gave rise to religions that were integrated into the cycles of agricultural food production (p.52). Each stage of the cycle involves rituals that would ensure a season of toilet and bountiful harvests are celebrated with grand, religious festivals of eating the fields first produce. For example, the Aztecs conducted mass eating of sacred beans and corn stew, ingredients that came from the seasons harvests.Hence, both the governmental system and religious practices established the role of agriculture in societys methods of food acquisition.2. What are the common features of government and religion across all the river vale civilizations? Why were they common?Civilizations tended to rise in river valley areas because the physical conditions of these environments permitted a sustainable source of water for agriculture. This is a far better incident as opposed to farmers dependence on unpredict able rain fall.The waters to a fault served as carriers of minerals vital to the maintenance of soil fertility. A reliable supply of water path a higher probability of superior crops and good harvest. Good harvest also means food abundance or excess, human energy and life. The excess in food supply enabled man to engage in other fields of human development.Governments or their political structures are also quite similar in that there are rulers-emperors and pharaohs for example, who belong to the elite class. Serving them as officials are the religious (priests, scribes) and military leaders and bureaucrats. Governments are centralize with institutionalized ways of administration as evidenced in the laws, codes and policies enacted and enforced with force or otherwise (p.79).The consolidated political control over the whole community resulted in an integrated economy and a homogenous culture (p.86). Hence, the trading of the surplus of economic production through the labor of fa rmers or artisans became possible and gave rise to a class of merchants and traders.Trading, or the export of excess food and other products and the import of food and other products not available locally, was a financially lucrative enterprise for elites and governments, not to mention the luxury food and non-food items they acquired out of it.Hence, kingdoms, empires and dynasties waged conquests upon their neighbors to control trade i.e. to eliminate competition (p.95). The enhancement of its routes (i.e. master the rivers, seas and land for trade) was also iodine objective. The history of the Silk Road is an example of this.These imperialistic undertakings also made way for them to obtain other tradable resources made abundant in the appropriateed societies through the latters own production efforts (p.96). In this manner of establishing control of others through force, they also protected their societys resources (including their food supply).Religions across the river valley civilizations are characterized as involving elements of the natural environment as their gods (p.64). The Hindus considered water and some animals as sacred, Chinese religions centered on mans harmony and mavin with nature, civilizations pay tribute to the sun and moon.Incidentally, religion was not separate from government and their theology involved not just one but many deities who score a hierarchical system. Their practices reflect their interaction with nature as in crop cultivation, hunting, silk production, pottery making, etc. However, these religions were influenced by other religions as cultural click as the result of trade became possible.The commonalities in government and religion among river valley civilizations stems from the same objective economic and political conditions which are consequences of their capacities to produce surplus food and other products for human consumption, adaptation to their environment.3. What common characteristics of the empires of A ssyria and Babylon share? What factors caused their failure?The empires of Assyria and Babylon were both river valley civilizations located in what is called the Fertile Crescent, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They both had a substantial agricultural production, engaged in trading, philosophy, science and technology, the latter leading them to build ships, hanging gardens and more sophisticated weapons. They both had armies and conducted imperialistic conquests of each other and abutting states.Failure was mostly due to natural instabilities of their empires (p.105). For instance, Assyria focused so much on war, its military and related technologies, spreading its armies so thinly in efforts to conquer as many other states as possible. Their thin dispersal made them vulnerable to other empire-states who were after the same objective or who just did not wish to be subjugated and reduced to slave labor.As a result, the basic agricultural production for food was neglected as more of the population became soldiers. More importantly, diversification of food production was not considered significant to merit attention. Reliance on just one method of domestic food production as well as conquest and trade for obtaining resources also fostered reliance on the great rivers for irrigation as a trade route (p.126).This did not prepare them for environmental and climate shifts wherein the rivers receded and became heavily silted adversely affecting agriculture and trade. Partner states in trade also ceased to engage in it because of their own specific internal problems. The resulting limitations in food and resources supply led to more wars and conquests which characterized the region of Mesopotamia and eventually wore down some of the empires (p.127).4. Compare and contrast the three Chinese philosophical ideologies Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism.Taoism is an political theory that focuses on the individual and his lifes mission of finding his place in t he world. In order to achieve this, one has to study nature and ones self as integral to it. Taoism promotes a view of nature whose beauty and rhythm is driven by a pervasive power in the universe. Drastic changes to the natural course of things would ruin this rhythm and balance (p.316).Confucianism emphasizes unity with ones social and natural environment, establishing social stability through non-violent means (p.317). Man should nurture himself and the natural environment as well. It teaches stand bynce to societys values and rituals, the hierarchical social order, education for further self-development and the governments role of earning trust through ensuring and protecting public welfare. It further promotes the common good in every endeavor through both individual and joint efforts.Legalism on the other hand, teaches the absolute rule of law in creating social stability. Because man is considered as innately self-centered, punishing those who break the law and rewarding th ose who adhere to it makes people law-abiding. It advocated utileism, or engaging in activities that directly benefits others such as agriculture (p.317).Both Taoism and Confucianism promote harmony with the environment objet dart Legalism, through its utilitarian principles, sought the labor of people in transforming the environment through agriculture, the building of the Great Wall and others. While Taoism values the individual, Confucianism values the social structure while Legalism, the law.Nature unobstructed is central to Taoism, while Confucianism tends to include promote harmony with nature as well as changing it as long as it constitutes the common good. Legalism discourages discourse on non-practical matters and focuses on nature only if it is within the realms of the law.ReferenceFernandez-Armesto, F. (2006) The World A History Volume One to 1500. New tee shirtPrentice Hall.

Female Education Essay

Education is one of the basic human rights. Every human being has the right to be en trip outened by the light of knowledge. But like other issues of our society, a gender inequality exists in receiving education which is enacted to the females. This unwanted practice is continuing still in our society and hinders the throw out of our nation. In our country, because of some old superstitions and customs, girls are deprived from many facilities which are cashed in on by males. Education is one of those. The parents think not to invest money to their female children rather than to the males. And thats why women of our country still potfult lead a solvent, secured, independent life. A cleaning lady without any education cant use her skills and brain in a proper way.Because of educational ignorance, she cant differentiate the right and disparage and take any decision correctly. She cant use the chances to uplift her condition. She cant nurse her family and children properly. In total, an uneducated woman leads a disorganized life. These awful facts affect the society decisively. Almost half of the population remains inoperative, unskilled, and slapdash. It lags behind the whole nation economically, academically, commercially which will suffer the future generation. If the women-folk is educated, they can utilize their skill, knowledge and work hand in hand with men in all programs of development. They can be self-employed and be a informant of man power by which they can support their family financially.They can analysis any situation and take the right decision and influence her family and society in the key areas through their useful thoughts. They will be conscious about early marriage, family planning, maternal mortality rate, child mortality etc. Besides, if a woman is educated, she can take care of her children perfectly. A mother exercises an undeniable influence in the formation of childrens character and shaping their future destination. Once pile sa id, Give me an educated mother, I will give you an educated nation.So, the importance of female education is beyond of words. So, if we want to live in a self-sufficing country, the females must be educated. The society must break its ancient prejudices and be open minded. The government has already taken a few steps gravid scholarships, education without fees and others to create awareness among people over this matter. If this exertion flourishes, then we may hope for an advanced, sophisticated, developed country.

I.S.U journal Kite runner Essay

Plot (important action single) The increase dribblener is about the liveliness of a young boy named ameer. amir lives in a lavish house in the richest rule of Kabul, in Afghanistan. amir has e genuinelything he could ever want except the loving attention and acceptance of his father, Baba. In their house, they retain two Hazara servants. Ali and his son Hassan who argon part of the minority ethnicity at the time. Hassan grew up with ameer in the same house and he was much more than just a best fri terminal. Baba treated Hassan equ every(prenominal)y to ameer, as if they were brothers.Each year it was a tradition for the Afghan confederacy to have a fete of increases where there would be a single victor to arise amongst hundreds. Amir was a great increase flyer and Hassan was the best kite contrabandist there was. This year, Amir won the tournament and his dad was authentically proud of him. Amir was really happy to finally have just about loving attention from his fath er. Hassan promised to run the last kite defeated for Amir. He did not return immediately so Amir went flavour for him. Amir saw Hassan cornered by Assef, a bully, and two of his friends.Amir then watched Hassan take a brutal slaughter just to keep the blue kite for him. Amir watched him doctor beaten and did nothing. The alliance between Amir and Hassan has never been the same after that day. Amir felt that either he or Hassan must leave and so he puts his birthday gift under Hassans pillow. Later, Hassan admits that he take them and Ali says they must leave. Baba pleads with him to stay, bargonly Ali refuses. Years after Hassan and Ali left, the Roussi army attacked, forcing Baba and 18 year quondam(a) Amir to scat the country to California. The states provided a whole new life for Baba and especially Amir.Amir attends high school and college to stick with his dream to become a famous writer. Amir is haunted every day by the position of Hassan getting beaten and him not reacting, pretending as if he were never there. In California, Baba find oneselfs an Afghan community in which he is quite popular al memorializey. He spends a lot of time at a flea market where there are many other Afghans too. Amir spots a young sheepskin coat lady, Soraya, at the flea market which he cannot keep his eyes glum. When Amirs father becomes ill with cancer, Amir asks Soraya to marry him. Very shortly after they get married, Baba pass alongs.Soraya and Amir then try to have kids but fail to and it is then when Amir receives a call from a man he has not comprehend of in a very long time. Rahim Khan tells Amir of the death of Hassan and his wife. Amir is devastated by the news. Rahim too tells Amir that their son is now in an orphanage. Rahim tells Amir that finding Hassans son is his chance to economize his sin. Amir then goes to Afghanistan to find Hassans son. With many obstacles, including a one on one strife to the death with Assef, the bully who bullied him and Hassan at a young age, Amir comes out of Afghanistan with Hassans son.He comes corroborate to California with many injuries. Sohrab, Hassans son, goes to school and lives a new life in the States. Hassan and his wife formally adopt him and provide him a life full of potential. The new(a) ends with Amir teaching Sohrab how to fly a kite, as he battles a kite and defeats it. Characters Amir Amir is the narrator and protagonist of the unexampled. He is a Pashtun boy, who evolves without the book to become an self-aggrandizing. He is all overly a great writer and storyteller. As readers we get much compassion for him. His father is a wealthy man by Afghan standards, and so Amir grows up always having what he wants.He has everything he could wish for except the loving attention of his father. He does not feel a deep emotional connection with Baba and this causes Amir to feel a fast enviousy towards anyone receiving his fathers affection. Amir thinks Baba wishes he was more like him. Amir is often jealous of the way Baba treats Hassan. He notices that Hassan is much more like his father than he is. Amir is a conflicted causa who struggles between the logical and emotional sides of his being. Throughout the novel, he struggles to make connections with his father.His obsession and misdeedy conscience, along with his adult perspective looking back at childhood events make him a approximate storyteller. Amir look onms to be a mix of Hassans personality and Assefs personality making him in the middle of good and bad. He then gets the chance to fight Assef one on one to the death which was like lining the bad side of himself. Baba Baba is Amirs father. Later in the novel we find out that he is too Hassans father. He is considered a hero and a leader in Kabul and he is always doing things for others. He always seems to expect more from Amir.Baba has excellent morals and philosophies on life that he tries to teach Amir over time. He was even willing to sacrifice himself to keep the Russian vindication from raping the women travelling with them. By doing so, Amir afterward understands that doing what is right is better than saving yourself. Baba felt guilty through his whole life for not being fitted to acknowledge Hassan as his son. For this reason, he tries to redeem his guilt by providing good actions to everyone around him. He even built an orphanage. His emotions are very well incomprehensible by his outer appearance.In the end, he is very proud of Amir. He dies happily because he was able to build the relationship he had always wanted with at least one of his sons. We in any case find out that Amir and Baba some(prenominal) shared a never-ending feeling of guilt inside of them for various reasons. Hassan Hassan is Amirs playmate and servant. He is a Hazara and we find out late in the novel that he is Amirs half-brother. Hassan epitomizes the perfect servant who is not only loyal to his master, but also forgiving and go od-natured. Even after hes been betrayed, Hassan lies for Amir and he still considers him as a friend.Hassan grows up in the same place as Amir but has a different purpose. He is a servant and so he prepares Amir for school every morning by preparing his breakfast and books. He also does all the chores during the day while Amir is at school getting an education. Hassan later gets married and has a son. He dies late in the novel. Hassan represents all that is good and kind. Assef Assef is the antagonist of the novel. Assef does not see Hazaras as equal to Pashtuns. Near the beginning of the novel, he beats Hassan violently.At the end of the novel, he fights Amir one on one to the death until Sohrab shot him in the eye. He is a villain who ends up joining the Taliban. Assef represents all that is evil and cruel. Personal reaction to the novel The kite runner was an amazing novel. I personally loved it. I finished the book in less than a week because I simply could not stop reading it after I first opened the book. I felt a lot of strong emotions when reading this book. When Hassan was beaten violently and Amir just stood there and watched, I was really scared for Hassan.The picture was very vivid in my mind and I felt grave for Hassan. I also felt sad for Amir because he only finds out in the end that he and his dad were much more alike than they both thought. When Baba is already dead, Amir finds out the truth about him and how they both share an endless guilt. I also really liked this novel because I got to convey a bit about Afghanistan since it was the main setting of the novel. Out of all the books that students have to read in English class throughout the years, this is one of the few that are really good.I in truth really enjoyed reading this book, unlike many books read in the past years. I would strongly propose to keep teaching this book to future students. Authors style and voice The kite runner written by Khaled Hosseini uses the narrative writin g style. The author places himself as Amir and narrates you the story. The author also uses a lot of accurate descriptions to give the readers a vivid image of a setting, character or object. Since it is Amir narrating the story, he tells it from the viewpoint of an adult looking back across his life.It is a personal narration in an informal, conversational style, similar to dialogue rather than a self-consciously literary style of writing. Amirs voice is pretty consistent throughout most of the novel. However, the vocabulary and diction develop as he moves from talking about his childhood years to talking about his adult years. At the beginning of the book, when he narrates his childhood life, he tends to use childlike language such as he never told on me1. When he gets older, the vocabulary and diction used to narrate are more advanced since Amir has evolved not only physically, but intellectually as well.The authors voice or Amirs voice also changes at times of stress or anxiety. After his fight with Assef, the sentence complex body part becomes very hesitant and broken to reflect the severe temporary damage of Amirs mind. Themes buyback Redemption is searched by two important characters through the novel. Baba and Amir are both seeking salvation for two different reasons. Baba had sex with his servant and this resulted in having a Hazara boy. Because Hassan was a Hazara, he could not publically announce that he was his son and so he kept it a secret during his whole life.The concomitant that he could not acknowledge Hassan as his son made him feel very guilty and he never stopped striving to redeem himself. Baba even built an orphanage to help redeem himself agree to Rahim Khan. Amir is also searching for redemption ever since he saw Hassan take a beating without reacting at all. Redemption is what brings Amir to Afghanistan which is a big event in this story. Forgiveness Hassans actions process that he did forgive Amirs betrayal. Amir pretty much s pends the entire novel to learn about the nature of forgiveness.Babas actions of redemption are an attempt to gain public forgiveness for what he has not even publically admitted to have done. When Amir finally discovers Babas big secret from Rahims letter, he ends up forgiving his father. Forgiveness plays an important role in the story. Immigrant experience In this book, we get to know how hard it can be for immigrants to leave their homeland and to successfully arrive to their destination. Baba and Amir are among many Afghans who struggle to leave. There are plenty of calculated risks and uncertainties in the next passages for immigrants.Many immigrants die before they even reach their new homes. In addition to the difficulties of their lives in a new country, the immigrants also have to accept what or who they have left behind. When arriving to a new country, immigrants also try to conserve their traditions and some semblance of their own culture, which can be hard. Baba loses his posture once they arrive in America and still has his old prejudices. Soraya and her mother also demonstrate the difficult role women have balancing the expectations of an old world culture with the new world in which they are living.Sohrab quickly adapts to his new country and has a life full of potential waiting for him. Symbols The pomegranate tree While Amir and Hassan are both young and carefree, they carve their names in the tree and it bears fruit. Therefore, the tree symbolizes their relationship. Much later when Hassan is dead and Amir is filled with guilt, the tree just like Amirs memories still exists but no lengthy bears fruit. The tree not only symbolizes a unifying force between Amir and Hassan but also serves as a source of division.When Amir wanted Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate fruit in piece to inflict physical pain as a punishment to lessen his guilt instead, Hassan breaks the fruit over his own head to prove his loyalty. The tree brings back vivid memories when Amir returns to Afghanistan. Kites and the blue kite Kites and everything associated with them are undoubtedly the most important symbols in this novel. This blue kite is even more important because it symbolizes a chance for Amir to obtain Babas attention. Amir thought that the only way hed earn his fathers attention would be to win the kite flying tournament.This blue kite is the last kite competing against Amirs during the tournament. As he cuts the last kites string, Hassan runs off to fetch the kite for Amir. The blue kite also symbolizes Hassans loyalty. Amir wanted to show all the kids at school that he won the tournament and got to keep the last remaining kite that he faced one on one. He mostly wanted to show this kite to his father. As the novel continues, the kite becomes a symbol of betrayal which leads Amir to the will of finding redemption. Hassan sacrificed him just to bring kite back to Amir as he said he would.Hassan took a beating to keep the kite and Amir watched it happen without reacting. Amir feels guilt ever since this moment until the very end of the novel, where Amir is rails a kite for Hassans son. At the end, the kites symbolizes happiness, freedom and peace at last. Scars Hassan has a split mouth since he was a child, and it is one of the features Amir refers to the most when describing him. The split in his lip symbolizes Hassans status in the society. It signifies poverty and minority as an ethnicity which is one major thing that differentiates him from Amir, because it indicates that his family do not have the money to fix his lip.Baba eventually pays a surgeon to repair Hassans lip as a birthday gift, signifying his secret fatherly love for Hassan. Later in the novel, Assef splits Amirs lip in his one on one duel with Amir. Amir is left with a permanent scar very similar to Hassans. This scar on Amir symbolizes the fact that Amir has become like Hassan not only physically, but mentally too in the sense that he ha s learnt to stand up for what is right. Bibliographical teaching Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. New York Riverhead Books, (2003) I got a 4+ on this journal , so it should do you some good